Beyond the basal ganglia: cFOS expression in the cerebellum in response to acute and chronic dopaminergic alterations.

The suggestion of an anatomical and functional relationship between the basal ganglia and cerebellum is recent. Traditionally, these structures were considered as neuronal circuits working separately to organize and control goal-directed movements and cognitive functions. However, several studies in rodents and primates have described an anatomical interaction between cortico-basal and cortico-cerebellar networks. Most importantly, functional changes have been observed in one of these circuits when altering the other one. In this context, we aimed to accomplish an extensive description of cerebellar activation patterns using cFOS expression (cFOS-IR) after acute and chronic manipulation of dopaminergic activity. In the acute study, substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) activity was stimulated or suppressed by intra cerebral administration of picrotoxin or lidocaine, respectively. In addition, we analyzed cerebellar activity after the induction of a parkinsonism model, the tremulous jaw movements. In this model, tremulous jaw movements were induced in male rats by IP chronic administration of the dopamine antagonist haloperidol (1.5mg/kg). Acute stimulation of SNc by picrotoxin increased cFOS-IR in the vermis and cerebellar hemispheres. However, lidocaine did not produce an effect. After 14days of haloperidol treatment, the vermis and cerebellar hemispheres showed an opposite regulation of cFOS expression. Chronic dopaminergic antagonism lessened cFOS expression in the vermis but up-regulated such expression in the cerebellar hemisphere. Overall, the present data indicate a very close functional relationship between the basal ganglia and the cerebellum and they may allow a better understanding of disorders in which there are dopamine alterations.

[Biological and neural bases of partner preferences in rodents: models to understand human pair bonds]. / Bases biológicas y neurales de las preferencias de pareja en roedores: modelos para entender los vínculos afectivos en humanos.

AIM: To analyse the biological and neural bases of partner preference formation in rodents as models to understand human pair bonding. DEVELOPMENT: Rodents are social individuals, capable of forming short- or long-lasting partner preferences that develop slowly by stimuli like cohabitation, or rapidly by stimuli like sex and stress. Dopamine, corticosteroids, oxytocin, vasopressin, and opioids form the neurochemical substrate for pair bonding in areas like the nucleus accumbens, the prefrontal cortex, the piriform cortex, the medial preoptic area, the ventral tegmental area and the medial amygdala, among others. Additional areas may participate depending on the nature of the conditioned stimuli by which and individual recognizes a preferred partner. CONCLUSIONS: Animal models help us understand that the capacity of an individual to display long-lasting and selective preferences depends on neural bases, selected throughout evolution. The challenge in neuroscience is to use this knowledge to create new solutions for mental problems associated with the incapacity of an individual to display a social bond, keep one, or cope with the disruption of a consolidated one.

Bases biológicas y neurales de las preferencias de pareja en roedores: modelos para entender los vínculos afectivos en humanos / Biological and neural bases of partner preferences in rodents: Models to understand human pair bonds

Objetivo. Analizar las bases biológicas y neurales de las preferencias de pareja en roedores como modelos paracomprender la neurobiología de los vínculos afectivos de pareja en humanos. Desarrollo. Los roedores son especies sociales, capaces de expresar preferencias de pareja de corta duración poco selectivas o de larga duración y selectivas. Estas últimas pueden considerarse análogas a los vínculos afectivos en humanos. Las preferencias aparecen lentamente por cohabitación, pero estímulos como el estrés y el sexo pueden acelerar la formación. La dopamina, los corticosteroides, la oxitocina, la vasopresina y los opioides forman el sustrato neuroquímico principal en áreas neurales como el núcleo accumbens, la corteza prefrontal, la corteza piriforme, el área preóptica media, el área ventral tegmental, y la amígdala medial. También pueden participarotras áreas, dependiendo de la naturaleza de las señales utilizadas para reconocer a una pareja preferida. Conclusiones. Los modelos de estudio en animales ayudan a comprender que la capacidad de un individuo para mostrar preferencias selectivas y de larga duración depende de bases neurales seleccionadas en las especies a través de la evolución. El reto en las neurocienciases utilizar este conocimiento para crear nuevas maneras de abordar problemas mentales asociados con el procesode formar un vínculo afectivo nuevo, mantenerlo o afrontar la ruptura de uno consolidado

Aim. To analyse the biological and neural bases of partner preference formation in rodents as models to understand human pair bonding. Development. Rodents are social individuals, capable of forming short- or long-lasting partner preferences that develop slowly by stimuli like cohabitation, or rapidly by stimuli like sex and stress. Dopamine, corticosteroids, oxytocin, vasopressin, and opioids form the neurochemical substrate for pair bonding in areas like the nucleus accumbens, the prefrontalcortex, the piriform cortex, the medial preoptic area, the ventral tegmental area and the medial amygdala, among others. Additional areas may participate depending on the nature of the conditioned stimuli by which and individual recognizes a preferred partner. Conclusions. Animal models help us understand that the capacity of an individual to display long-lastingand selective preferences depends on neural bases, selected throughout evolution. The challenge in neuroscience is to use this knowledge to create new solutions for mental problems associated with the incapacity of an individual to display a socialbond, keep one, or cope with the disruption of a consolidated one